As-salamu Alaykum

As-salamu alaykum ( ar, ٱلسَّلَامُ عَلَيْكُمْ, , ), also ''Salamun Alaykum'' is a greeting in Arabic that means 'Peace be upon you'. The (, meaning 'peace') has become a religious salutation for Muslims worldwide when greeting each other, though its use as a greeting pre-dates Islam, and is also common among Arabic speakers of other religions (such as Arab Christians and Mizrahi Jews).

In colloquial speech, often only the first part of the phrase (so: , 'peace') is used to greet a person. The typical response to the greeting is (, , 'and peace be upon you'). The complete phrase is (, ), 'Peace be upon you, as well as the mercy of God and his blessings'.

This greeting in its abbreviated form, (), has come to be used as the general salutation in other languages as well. Among Christians, during Mass or other liturgical services, the priest or pastor and the congregation often use the salutation, "peace be with you", sometimes replying, "and also with you".

The term itself originates in the cognate Aramaic phrase which was borrowed into Arabic.

Cognate Semitic language parallels include the Aramaic/Classical Syriac (), and the Hebrew ( ).

Pronunciation

The phrase is normally pronounced according to local dialects of speakers and is very often shortened.

For example:
* In Egypt: ,
* By native English-speaking Muslims: ,

Grammatical variants

The expression commonly uses the second person plural masculine, even when used to address one person. It may be modified by choosing the appropriate enclitic pronoun to address a person in the masculine and feminine singular form, the dual form, or the feminine plural form. The conjugations are as follows (note: according to the standard pronunciation rules of Classical Arabic, the last short vowel in each word is not pronounced in pausa):

A third-person variant, ''ʿalayhi as-salām'', "peace be upon him", is often used by Muslims for prophets other than Muhammad and other holy personalities, such as angels.

In Islam

According to Islamic tradition, the origin of the greeting "Peace be upon you" dates back to the first human, Adam:

Abu Huraira reported: The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, said, “Allah said: Go and greet with peace these groups of assembled angels and listen to how they greet you, for this will be the greeting among your progeny. Adam said: Peace be upon you. The angels said: Peace be upon you and the mercy of Allah. Thus, they added the mercy of Allah”

The final Prophet said, “None of you will enter paradise until you believe and you will not believe until you love one another. Shall I not tell you about something which, if you do it, you will love one another? Spread salaam amongst yourselves.”

It is also stated that one should give the Salam greeting upon entering a house. This is based upon a verse of the Quran: "However, when you enter houses, greet one another with a greeting ˹of peace˺ from Allah, blessed and good. This is how Allah makes His revelations clear to you, so perhaps you will understand." (An-Nur 24:61).

The phrase appears a total of 7 times in the Quran, each time as ''salamun ʿalaykum'' ( ar, سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكُمْ, link=no). In Classical Arabic, used in the Qur'an and early Hadith manuscripts, the phrase is spelled as . In Rasm, it is written as .

* Surah Al-An'am (6), Ayah 54:

* Surah Al-A'raf (7), Ayah 46:

* Surah Ar-Ra'd (13), Ayah 24:

* Surah An-Nahl (16), Ayah 32:

*Surah Maryam (19), Ayah 47:

*Surah Al-Qasas (28), Ayah 55:

*Surah Az-Zumar (39), Ayah 73:

Other variants, such as ''salamun ʿalā'' (), or the term ''salam'' () alone is also mentioned in several other Ayahs of the Qur'an.

Usage by non-Arabic speakers

* Cognate Semitic language parallels include the Aramaic/Classical Syriac ''šlāmā ʿalḵōn'' (ܫܠܵܡܵܐ ܥܲܠܟ݂ܘܿܢ), and the Hebrew ''Shalom aleichem'' ( ''shālôm ʻalêḵem'').
* In Iran, Afghanistan, Azerbaijan and Tajikistan, ''Salâm'' () is used alone more frequently, with occasional use of ''Salam-o aleykom''. Goodbye is supplanted by a ''Khudâ hâfez'' ( fa, ), meaning "with the protection of God", with the occasional use of ''beh salâmat'' (), meaning " owith peace".
* In Albania and Kosovo, a diminutive form in the Albanian language, ''Selamun Alejkem'' or ''Selamun Alejqum'' is rarely used, the 'q' being a voiceless palatal stop typical of Balkan Turkish and Thracian Turkish phonology.
* In Amharic, the native Amharic term ''Selam'' is used in place of ''Tadias'', which is the equivalent of "What's up".
* In Turkey, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, many religious people use "''Äs-sälamwaleykum''" and shake hands and it is the same for saying "Hello"; more secular and non-religious people say "''Selam''" and in Kazakhstan say "''Sälem''" or "''Sälemetsız be''" as an equivalent to "Hello" or "Hi". However, many Turks pronounce it differently as "''Selamün aleyküm''".
* In Pakistan, the greeting is also associated with shaking right hands and is also often accompanied with a hug when meeting infrequently (only between the same gender). In some places, people put a hand on their heart as they shake your hand and greet. Also, the full greeting is preferred versus the shorter greeting, "salam". Goodbye is supplanted by a "Khuda Hafiz" or a variation, "Allah Hafiz", both of which mean "May God keep you safe".
* In India, the greeting mostly among Muslims is a simple handshake or hug, As-salamu alaykum or the shorter greeting "Salam" is used in informal situations. Goodbye is supplanted by a "Khuda Hafiz" or an alternative form, "Allah Hafiz", both of which mean "May God keep you safe".
* In Bangladesh, Assalamu alaikum ( bn, আসসালামু আলাইকুম) is the most common Muslim greeting. Some Muslims greet their elders with these words whilst raising their right hand to the forehead. Assalamu alaikum is even used as to say goodbye, while many others say "Khoda Hafez" or "Allah Hafez" (may God protect you).
* In Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, Assalomu aleykum is used as an informal greeting.
* In Indonesia, the greeting is usually accompanied with a kind of two-handed "handshake", whereby the shaker's palms remain closed, and the fingers alone open to admit the other's proffered hand – which briefly touches the proffered's fingers or fingertips alone. In this way more adherent males and females may greet through touching – but remain true to the Islamic or cultural teachings forbidding physical contact between the genders. Occasionally, the right hand will touch the left breast or heart area after this. In Indonesia's Javanese/Sasak culture, a remnant of feudalism is retained, where an elder's proffered right hand is taken and pressed briefly against the forehead. Some may instead briefly kiss the hand or the main ring. This is very common for young children to greet older relatives (of their parents' age, though, on occasion, if very polite children, younger). In slang words, this greeting is sometimes referred as "samlekom".
* Shortening the greeting to acronyms, such as ''A.S.'', ''As'kum'' (in Malaysia), or ''AsA'' is becoming common amongst Internet users in chat rooms and by people using SMS. This trend is similar to writing (S) or SAWS in place of ''ṣallā llāhu ʿalayhi wa-sallam''.
* In Chechnya and other parts of the Caucasus, Salam Aleykum is used to say hi.
* In Senegal which has a majority of Muslims with Sufi-orientation, it is a common greeting. Spelled and pronounced in Wolof: "(a)sala maaleykum", and the reply "maa lekum salaam."
* In Xinjiang, China, "Essalam eleykum" is used as a greeting by Uyghurs, and the reply is "We'eleykum essalam".
* In Portuguese, the expression " salamaleque" gained a totally distinct and curious meaning: because of the habit of Arabic cultures to bow down and wave the hand from the front ahead in greeting a person, the expression "salamaleque" is applied to exaggerated movements or acts in order to appear to be formal or entertaining or even fancy. "Os rapazes chegaram cheios de salamaleques". ''Salamelecco'' has the same meaning also in Italian, and ''salamalec'' in French.
*In Malta, "Is-sliem għalikom" is often used in Catholic Church masses as a way of greeting, often by the priest, as a way of saying "peace be upon you". As the Maltese language derives from Arabic, it inherited and still uses Arabic terms for religion amongst other things.

See also

References

{{Reflist

External links

A brief illustrated guide to understanding Islam

How to pronounce As salamu alaykum in Arabic

How To Pronounce Assalamualaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh in Arabic

How to pronounce Walaikum Assalam in Arabic

Arabic words and phrases
Arabic words and phrases in Sharia
Greeting words and phrases
Islamic honorifics
Islamic terminology
Religion and peace